Topographic analysis for the prairie pothole region of Western Canada

The unique topography of the pothole region of the North American prairies creates challenges for properly determining basin contributing area. Numerous depressions or potholes within the landscape impound runoff. However, potholes can ‘fill‐spill’ resulting in surface water connections between the potholes. Surface water connectivity between potholes ultimately influences basin contributing area. Currently, automated methods, such as landscape analysis tools, treat depressions in the landscape as artifacts and simply fill the depressions to delineate a drainage basin. Using this method to calculate contributing area assumes that all surface storage has been satisfied (threshold) and the drainage basin will contribute 100% of its area for all runoff events. However, most runoff events in the prairie pothole region are pre‐threshold events that contribute only a portion of surface runoff to the outlet. These pre‐threshold events have surface storage that varies because of antecedent water levels and have a variable or dynamic potential to store further runoff in the basin. Government agencies have developed methodologies for determining pre‐threshold contributing areas, but these methodologies do not incorporate current technologies and, as a result, have limitations. We propose an automated method for determining contributing area that incorporates the fill‐spill of prairie potholes. The algorithm, which uses the D‐8 drainage direction method, automates a methodology for identifying and quantifying runoff contributing area. Any algorithm that determines pre‐threshold contributing area, must allow the DEM to be filled in an incremental manner. This will simulate increasing pond levels, and the resulting decrease in available storage in the basin, in response to runoff events. The SPILL algorithm is an iterative solution that increases the magnitude of input runoff events and records the decreasing change in available surface storage and the increase in contributing area until the storage threshold is reached and the contributing area reaches 100%. Through application of the algorithm on prairie pothole region basins, we test proposed conceptual curves that describe a hypothesized non‐linear relationship between decreasing potential storage in the landscape and contributing area. Results indicate that the proposed conceptual curves represent the relationship between potential surface storage and contributing area in the test basins very well. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DEM建模视角下的城市道路分类与表达

城市数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）是城市最重要的基础地理信息数据之一。城市道路DEM建模是城市DEM构建的重要组成部分,而道路分类是城市道路DEM建模的重要基础和前提。由于现有的城市道路分类方法在城市道路形态表达上有一定程度的失真,无法准确反映道路平面形态特征,导致其难以满足未来的地表过程模拟的需求。针对这一问题,本文从DEM建模视角出发,通过解析城市道路的构成,分析城市道路形态特征,针对现有的道路分类方法的不足,提出了一种顾及道路形态的城市道路分类方法。并在此基础上,探讨了城市道路的DEM表达方式,同时选取南京市局部区域为实验区,以DLG数据为数据源,对本文提出的城市道路分类方法与表达进行了相关的实验与分析。结果表明：与现有的方法相比,基于本文所提出的城市道路分类方法构建的道路DEM所表达的道路形态更符合实际实验区的道路形态,未出现局部路面不正常的突变情况且城市道路要素框架结构明显,所表达的城市道路地形更为精细,可以为雨洪模拟和水文分析等提供重要基础。因此,本文的道路分类方法能够清晰有效地辅助城市道路DEM建模,为高精度城市道路DEM的构建提供基础和参考。     

小尺度深凹地形大气边界层流场演变过程的非静力数值模拟研究

针对小尺度深凹地形的特点,建立了一个高分辨的、非静力的二维边界层模式,采用能量（Ｅ－ε）闭合方案,考虑了太阳短波辐射及其在地表面的不均匀分布,地－气系统的长波辐射、潜热和感热输送,以及地表面与土壤层的热传导物理过程。利用该模式。模拟了某深凹露天矿实际地形上的大气边界层流场的演变过程。     

Wind Flow Over Complex Terrain: A Historical Perspective and the Prospect for Large-Eddy Modelling

The development of our understanding of turbulent flow overcomplex terrain is described. Despite considerable advances, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Large-eddy simulation of such flows is now becoming possible. This may stimulate further advances but it is computationally very demanding. The application of this technique to flow over hills is discussed.     

基于VisualC 平台的多边形裁剪算法实现

详细叙述了利用ＶｉｓｕａｌＣ＋＋提供的函数进行多边形裁剪的算法实惠过程,并给出了多边形带“岛”情况的具体处理方法。     

小尺度深凹地形边界层影响因子的数值试验研究

建立了一个针对小尺度深凹地形的、高分辨的、三维非静力的边界层试验模式,通过求解非定常的方程组获得边界层的定常解。有选择地对影响深凹地形边界层结构的不同因子进行了数值试验研究。结果表明,深凹地形的深度Ｈ、坡度α以及初始地面风速ｕ０的大小和初始风速的垂直切变（Ｐ）等因子对边界层的结构有较大的影响,且模式具有较好的稳定性。     

山地上冰雹云的数值试验研究

建立了一个适用于复杂地形的冰雹云模式。模式是二维、弹性、非静力、采用地形跟随价值、包含双变参数冰相微物理过程参数化。使用实测的初值条件和环境场进行试验。对理论对称型山地的不同初始位温扰动作模拟。结果表明,当初始位温扰动在迎风坡和山顶时冰雹云发展较弱,而当初始位温扰动在背风坡和平原时冰雹云发展较强。当初始位温扰动在背风坡时冰雹云的降雹量约为当初始位温扰动在迎风坡时冰雹云降雹量的６倍。山地上冰雹云的发     

Hydrogeochemistry of seepage water collected within the Youngcheon diversion tunnel,Korea: source and evolution of SO4‐rich groundwater in sedimentary terrain

In the Youngcheon Diversion Tunnel area, South Korea, 46 samples of tunnel seepage water (TSW) and borehole groundwater were collected from areas with sedimentary rocks (mainly sandstone and shale) and were examined for hydrogeochemical characteristics. The measured SO₄ concentrations range widely from 7·7 to 942·0 mg/l, and exceed the Korean Drinking Water Standard (200 mg/l) in about half the samples. The TDS (total dissolved solid) content generally is high (171–1461 mg/l) from more shale‐rich formations and also reflects varying degrees of water–rock interaction. The water is classified into three groups: Ca? SO₄ type (61% of the samples collected), Ca? SO₄? HCO₃ type (15%) and Ca? HCO₃ type (24%). The Ca? HCO₃ type water (mean concentrations=369 mg/l Ca, 148 mg/l HCO₃ and 23 mg/l SO₄) reflected the simple reaction between CO₂‐recharged water and calcite, whereas the more SO₄‐rich nature of Ca? SO₄ type water (mean concentrations=153 mg/l Ca, 66 mg/l HCO₃ and 416 mg/l SO₄) reflected the oxidation of pyrite in sedimentary rocks and fracture zones. Pyrite oxidation resulted in precipitation of amorphous iron hydroxide locally within the tunnel as well as in high concentrations of Ca (mean 153 mg/l) and Na (mean 49 mg/l) for TSW, and is associated with calcite dissolution resulting in pH buffering. The pyrite oxidation required for the formation of Ca? SO₄ type water was enhanced by the diffusion of oxygenated air through the fractures related to the tunnel's construction. The subsequent outgassing of CO₂ into the tunnel resulted in precipitation of iron‐bearing carbonate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GPM卫星的广东汛期降水日变化特征与评估

新一代全球降水观测计划GPM作为TRMM卫星的继承者,在物理探测和降水反演算法上具有明显进步。以广东省雨量自动站为基准,对2014—2018年间GPM的格点降水估测产品IMERG（V5B）的日变化特征和估测误差进行分析。结果表明,IMERG能清晰反映广东前、后汛期的降水双峰型特征,但对下午降水峰值明显高估,峰值出现时间滞后;而对于沿海早晨峰值降水则明显低估,对于降水极值,低估更加显著。IMERG对两个峰值的估测误差受不同因素影响,下午峰值降水的相对偏差与地形密切相关,珠江三角洲平原为稳定高估区,地形高度越高,低估幅度越大;而早晨峰值降水极值负偏差与地形高度、降水量的相关性均较小。对出现显著负偏差的早晨沿海降水样本日进行925 hPa风场合成,可知IMERG明显低估时,对应区域上游较强的超低空西南气流与风速夜间增长。IMERG对这一季风活动背景降水的低估构成了其估测早晨降水误差的主要来源。      

Towards High-Resolution Habitat Suitability Modeling of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the Deep-Sea: Resolving Terrain Attribute Dependencies

Recent habitat suitability models used to predict the occurrence of vulnerable marine species, particularly framework building cold-water corals, have identified terrain attributes such as slope and bathymetric position index as important predictive parameters. Due to their scale-dependent nature, a realistic representation of terrain attributes is crucial for the development of reliable habitat suitability models. In this paper, three known coral areas and a noncoral control area off the west coast of Ireland were chosen to assess quantitative and distributional differences between terrain attributes derived from bathymetry grids of varying resolution and information content. Correlation analysis identified consistent changes of terrain attributes as grain size was altered. Response characteristics and dimensions depended on terrain attribute types and the dominant morphological length-scales within the study areas. The subsequent effect on habitat suitability maps was demonstrated by preliminary models generated at different grain sizes. This study demonstrates that high resolution habitat suitability models based on terrain parameters derived from multibeam generated bathymetry are required to detect many of the topographical features found in Irish waters that are associated with coral. This has implications for marine spatial planning in the deep sea. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Marine Geodesy to view the free supplemental file.